Health Systems Global Publishes Annual Report 2017
Health Systems Global publishes the first ever annual report which captures HSG’s growth over the years.
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Starting from March 1st, 2015 Curatio International Foundation hosts the HSG secretariat. Dr. George Gotsadze, Director, and President of Curatio International Foundation is the Executive Director of Health Systems Global. He leads secretariat together with the communications team from Institute of Development Study in Brighton, UK and strives for the HSG to become a stronger society.
If you are Interested to learn more about HSG, download the full report here.
Latest News
“The Informatics and Data Science for Public Health: Sustainment Plan for Skilled Labor Force Development”
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Janina Stauke from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine shares her internship experience
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Jolly Mae Catalan fromUniversité Libre de Bruxelles shares her internship experience
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Georgia’s Journey to Integrating Rehabilitation Services into the Health System: Insights and Lessons
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Georgia: a primary health care case study in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Strengthening Health Systems for Accessible Rehabilitation Services in Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Linked’s workshop on HPV vaccine introduction and scale up, held on July 11-12th, 2023
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Training program focusing on interdisciplinary evaluation of rehabilitation interventions and patient outcomes
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Unlocking Success Through Learning: Workshop on Strengthening HR Capacity and Performance Management in Immunization
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Promote evidence-based policies in the pharmaceutical sector by generating evidence and fostering civic engagement
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
CIF and the Results for Development / Accelerator combined their expertise to co-author an insightful blog, shedding light on Georgia’s commendable efforts to overcome limited data challenges and develop evidence-based policies for financing rehabilitation services
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Culminating event – Building Institutional Capacity for Health Policy and Systems Research and Delivery science (BIRD) in six WHO Regions
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Report on Phased (Stepwise) Plan for the Capability Development of the Priority Rehabilitation Services
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Promote evidence-based policies in the pharmaceutical sector by generating evidence
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Sustaining Public Health Gains after Donor Transition: What can we learn about Georgia?
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Curatio International Foundation at Seventh Global Symposium on Health Systems Research (HSR2022)
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Curatio International Foundation at Global Symposium on Health Systems Research
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Study report: Adaptations made in TB response during Covid-19 pandemic in Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
New case study: Sustaining effective coverage with Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST) in Georgia in the context of transition from external assistance
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
New case study: National Immunisation Program Transition from external assistance
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
“Strengthening Health Systems for Accessible Rehabilitation Services in Georgia” – Workshop
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Strengthening the Delivery of Immunisation Services Through PHC Platforms-Workshop
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
New Paper: A transdiagnostic psychosocial prevention-intervention service for young people in the Republic of Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Vaccine Procurement and Supply for the Expanded Program of Immunization in Kazakhstan
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Prevention of Addiction and Mental Health in Adolescents in Georgia (PAMAd) – Workshop
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Data Analysis and Synthesis Workshop – analyzing the implications of the structure of Georgia’s private healthcare market for quality and accessibility
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
External Reference Pricing Policy: A Possible Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Policy in Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Paper: Soviet legacy is still pervasive in health policy and systems research in the post-Soviet states
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Article: How do participatory methods shape policy? Applying a realist approach to the formulation of a new tuberculosis policy in Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Bundled Payment Methods: An Alternative Payment Method to Contain Healthcare Costs in Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
HOW TO MAINTAIN ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION DURING COVID-19? EXPERIENCES FROM ARMENIA, GEORGIA, AND UZBEKISTAN
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Georgian Healthcare Barometer XIV Wave The analysis of financial stability and risks in healthcare
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
We are pleased to announce that The Sixth Global Symposium on Health Systems Research (HSR2020) has opened
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Discussing interim results of research project: Prevention of Addiction and Mental Health in Adolescents in Georgia (PAMAd)
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Effects of Pay for Performance on utilization and quality of care among Primary Health Care providers in Middle and High-Income countries
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
The first phase of the joint fellowship program of the Curatio International Foundation and the Knowledge to Policy Center (K2P) at the American University of Beirut has been successfully implemented
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
LNCT WEBINAR: Incremental Costs of Routine Immunization, Campaigns, and Outreach Services During COVID-19
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
LNCT Webinar: Assessing Bottlenecks to Adequate and Predictable Vaccine Financing
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
LNCT WEBINAR: Designing Behavioural Strategies for Immunization in a Covid-19 Context
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Concentration and fragmentation: analyzing the implications of the structure of Georgia’s private healthcare market for quality and accessibility (ConFrag)
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
#COVID19 – Evidence and Policymaking: Personal Reflections from an LMIC Setting
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
LNCT Webinar: Key Considerations for Integrating Immunization with Other Primary Health Care Services
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Project on “Technical Assistance Using Modern Technology for TB Prevention, Diagnosis, and Increased Quality Treatment” was closed
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Dialogue on Pharmaceutical pricing policies to improve the population’s access to pharmaceuticals in Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
LNCT Webinar: Implementing a High Performing Immunization Program within the Context of National Health Insurance: What can we Learn from Thailand?
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
LNCT Webinar: Strengthening Public-Private Engagement for Immunization Delivery
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Implementing new research: Prevention of Addiction and Mental Health in Adolescents in Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Georgia’s introduction of the Hexavalent vaccine: Lessons on successful procurement and advocacy
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
CALL FOR MENTEES: PUBLICATION MENTORSHIP FOR FIRST-TIME WOMEN AUTHORS IN THE FIELD OF HPSR
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
A pilot of a new intervention launched to Improve adherence to TB treatment and its outcomes in Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Training for epidemiologists and health workers on TB contact tracing new guideline
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Workshop on using modern technology for TB prevention, diagnosis and increased quality treatment
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
K2P Mentorship Program on Building Institutional Capacity on Evidence Informed Policy Making
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Doing embedded development and research – reflections on the start of the Results4TB programme
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Introductory Meeting on the project ‘Embedding Rapid Reviews in Health Policy-Making’
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Taavy Miller from University of North Carolina shares her internship experience
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Building Institutional Capacity for HPSR and Delivery Science- CIF is Europe region HUB
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Inter-regional workshop in preparation for transitioning towards domestic financing in TB, HIV and Malaria programmes
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Memorandum of Cooperation between the Health and Social Issues Committee of the Parliament of Georgia and Curatio International Foundation
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Curatio International Foundation at the Global Symposium on Health Systems Research
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
The civil society gathered for the fourth time to discuss healthcare system challenges in Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Project: HIV risk behavior among Men who have Sex with Men – Bio-Behavioral Surveillance Survey and Population Size Estimation
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Big Pharma Greed and Artificial Prices – Knocking on Door to Limit Access to HIV Medicines in Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Civil society is gathering for the third time to hold a discussion about the healthcare
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Webinar: Mapping and consensus of global competencies set for the field of HPSR: A progress update and HSG round table discussion
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Technical Assistance for evaluation of transition readiness and preparation of Transition and Sustainability Plan for Global Fund-supported programs in Tajikistan
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Technical Assistance for the preparation of Transition and Sustainability Plan for HIV program in Philippines
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Webinar: Integrating gender into health system strengthening in conflict and crisis-affected settings; what’s in our toolkit?
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Article: Barriers to mental health care utilization among internally displaced persons in the republic of Georgia: a rapid appraisal study
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Why Georgians second-guess their doctors – Deregulation has left Georgian medical care something many Georgians would rather avoid
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Webinar on The peer review process – what happens when you send your manuscript to a journal
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Webinar on Improving Quality of Care during Childbirth: Learnings and Next Steps from the BetterBirth Trial
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Integrated Bio-behavioral surveillance and population size estimation survey among Female Sex Workers in Tbilisi and Batumi, Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Applying a Health Policy and Systems Research lens to Human Resources for Health: Capacity building, leadership and politics
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Empowering civil society for engagement in and monitoring the decision making in health sector in Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Curatio International Foundation presented BBS and PSE study findings at the Civil Society Forum
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Article: Barriers to delivering mental health services in Georgia with an economic and financial focus: informing policy and acting on evidence
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
The Interview on population size and Human Immunodeficiency Virus risk behaviors of People who Inject Drugs in Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
HIV risk and prevention behaviors among People Who Inject Drugs in seven cities of Georgia, 2017
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Conference paper: The Study of Barriers and Facilitators to Adherence to Treatment among Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Patients in Georgia to Inform Policy Decision
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Article: Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence and risk determinants among people who inject drugs in the Republic of Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Conference paper about realist evaluation: Informing policy, assessing its effects and understanding how it works for improved Tuberculosis management in Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Georgian Healthcare and its Challenges: Healthcare Expert George Gotsadze will host the lecture
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
17 years in Curatio International Foundation: President Ketevan Chkhatarashvili to Leave Organization
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Georgian Solution for a Post-Soviet TB Program: Can Integration into Primary Health Care Improve TB Care?
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Article: Determinants analysis of outpatient service utilization in Georgia: can the approach help inform benefit package design?
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Designing and evaluating provider results-based financing for tuberculosis care in Georgia (RBF4TB)
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Barriers and Facilitators to Adherence to Treatment Among Drug Resistant TB Patients in Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Eastern Europe and Central Asia Regional Sustainability and Transition Coordination Summit 20-21 October, 2016 Vilnius, Lithuania
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Evaluation of UNICEF’s Contribution in Central and Eastern European Five Countries
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Bio-Behavioral Surveillance Survey among Men who have Sex with Men in two major cities of Georgia, 2015
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
EPIC Studies – Governments Finance, On Average, More Than 50 Percent Of Immunization Expenses, 2010–11
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Bio-Behavioral Surveillance Survey among People Who Inject Drugs in 7 cities of Georgia, 2015
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
What can be done to improve treatment adherence among tuberculosis patients in Georgia: Looking through health systems lens
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
CIF study results on 8th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
The drivers of facility-based immunization performance and costs. An application to Moldova
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
Curatio International Foundation Hosts Health Systems Global Secretariat in Tbilisi, Georgia
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
An Impact Evaluation of Medical Insurance for Poor in Georgia: Preliminary Results and Policy Implications
On behalf of the Secretariat, we are honored to share the results of our joint effort. Reading this document you will see the progress HSG society made during these years as well as some challenges we still need to tackle.
